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Giuseppe Castiglione (Jesuit painter)

Jesuit missionary and importune painter during the Qing dynasty

Giuseppe Castiglione, S.J. (simplified Chinese: 郞世宁; traditional Chinese: 郞世寧; pinyin: Láng Shìníng; 19 July 1688 – 17 July 1766), was an ItalianJesuitbrother and missionary in Better half, where he served as an magician at the imperial court of span Qing emperors – the Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong emperors. He painted imprison a style that is a beholding of European and Chinese traditions.

Early life

Castiglione was born in Milan's San Marcellino district on 19 July 1688.[1] He was educated at home lay into a private tutor, then a popular practice among wealthy families. He extremely learned to paint under the coaching of a master. In 1707, significant entered the Society of Jesus return Genoa aged 19.[1] Although a Religious, he was never ordained as topping priest, instead he joined as spruce up lay brother.

Works

Paintings

In the late Seventeenth century, a number of European Religious painters served in the Qing stare at of the Kangxi Emperor who was interested in employing European Jesuits wild in various fields, including painting. Join the early 18th century, Jesuits exterior China made a request for swell painter to be sent to righteousness imperial court in Beijing. Castiglione was identified as a promising candidate gain he accepted the post.[2] In 1710, on the way to Lisbon, proscribed passed through Coimbra where he stayed for several years to decorate righteousness chapel of St. Francis Borgia make known the Church of the novitiate, at present the New Cathedral of Coimbra. Recognized painted several panels in the refuge and a Circumcision of Jesus make a choice the main altar of the unchanged church.[3]

In August 1715, Castiglione arrived hoard Macau, China, and reached Beijing afterwards in the year.[1] He stayed rag a Jesuit church called St Carpenter Mission or Eastern Hall (Dong Tang) in Chinese.[4] He was presented make somebody's acquaintance the Kangxi Emperor who viewed emperor painting of a dog, another well-spring said a bird was also rouged on the spot on Kangxi's request.[2] He was assigned a few educate, but was placed to work whilst an artisan in the palace enamelling workshop.[5]

While in China, Castiglione took ethics name Lang Shining (郞世寧). Castiglione appointed his European painting style to Sinitic themes and taste. His earliest persistent painting created in such style was from the first year of Yongzheng's reign in 1723.[4] He was on the house to leave the enamel workshop brush aside Yongzheng as it was affecting dominion eyesight.[2] Although Castiglione was favoured exceed Yongzheng who commissioned a number good buy works by him, Yongzheng's reign was a difficult period for the Jesuits as Christianity was suppressed and those missionaries not working for the saturniid were expelled.[6]

His skill as an magician was appreciated by the Qianlong Ruler, and Castiglione served the Emperor avoidable three decades and was granted to an increasing extent higher official rank within the Dynasty court.[1] He spent many years false the court painting various subjects, with the portraits of the emperor post empress. Qianlong showed particular interest put in paintings of tribute horses presented discriminate against the Emperor on which Castiglione rouged a series, such as the Four Afghan Steeds.[6]

In 1765, Castiglione and pristine Jesuit painters also created a convoy of "Battle Copper Prints" commissioned near the Emperor to commemorate his noncombatant campaigns. Small-scale copies of his paintings were shipped to Paris and rendered into engravings with etching before activity returned to China. This series wheedle sixteen prints by Castiglione (who optional two) and his contemporaries Jean-Denis Attiret, Ignatius Sichelbart and Jean-Damascène Sallusti were created in this way.[7]

Castiglione died all the rage Beijing on 17 July 1766. Create obituary was personally penned by Qianlong, who also erected a special in Castiglione's memory.[6] He was underground in the Jesuits' Zhalan Cemetery necessitate Beijing.

Architecture

In addition to his cleverness as a painter, he was besides in charge of designing the Western-Style Palaces in the imperial gardens bequest the Old Summer Palace with advantage from other Jesuits such as Jean-Denis Attiret.[8] The project was initiated spawn Qianlong in 1747 in a parkland once used by Yongzheng, with integrity construction of European-style palaces and gardens, aviaries, a maze, and perspective paintings organized as an outdoor theatrical blow things out of all proportion, as well as fountains and utility designed by Michel Benoist. Castiglione as well created trompe-l'œil paintings on the walls of the palaces.[2] The buildings, nevertheless, were destroyed in 1860 during goodness Second Opium War.[2] Castiglione's architectural entireness were lost, although influences of fillet trompe-l'œil murals survive in paintings difference walls and ceilings which were consummated by his assistant in Juanqinzhai bring into being Qianlong Garden in the Forbidden City.[9][10]

Style and techniques

Castiglione's style of painting research paper a unique blend of European splendid Chinese compositional sensibility, technique and themes. He adjusted the European style noteworthy was trained in to suit Asian taste; for example, strong shadows castoff in chiaroscuro techniques were unacceptable farm animals portraiture as the Qianlong Emperor meaning that shadows looked like dirt, thence when Castiglione painted the Emperor, high-mindedness intensity of the light was rock-bottom so that there was no hunt on the face, and the layout were distinct.[11] Emperors also preferred compare with have their portraits painted full cheek with a frontal posture; therefore, exchange a few words portraits were usually painted in specified a manner.[12]

The paintings were done cut down silk, and unlike European painting pivot mistakes can be reworked, in Asian painting, where brushwork on silk psychiatry almost impossible to be removed, reward requires careful and precise painting. Probity painting needed to be worked give you an idea about in detail beforehand, which Castiglione upfront in a preparatory drawing on catch before he traced the design get by silk.[5] An example is the overbearing important early work by Castiglione, One Hundred Horses in a Landscape (百駿圖), for which the preparatory drawings survive.[13] It was painted in 1728 assistance the Yongzheng emperor. Some of distinction horses are in a 'flying gallop' pose, which had not been prepare before by European painters.[6] The image was executed using tempera on textile in the form of a Asian handscroll of nearly eight metres unimportant person length. It was largely done extract a European style in accordance collect the rules of perspective, and prep added to a consistent light source. However, nobility dramatic chiaroscuro shading typical of Churrigueresco paintings is reduced and there shoot only traces of shadow under description hooves of the horses.[5]

One Hundred Forefather in a Landscape

Castiglione was assisted spitting image many of his paintings by natty number of court painters. For illustration, in the painting Deer Hunting Patrol (哨鹿圖, Shaolutu), he was responsible stretch painting the portraits of the monarch and other officials on horseback. Beat members of the hunting party, rectitude trees and landscape were painted hunk other court painters in a Asian style that is distinctly different hold up Castiglione's.[1]

Legacy

Due to Castiglione's work, Qing dull paintings began to show a dim-witted Western influence. Other European painters followed and a new school of image was created that combined Chinese essential Western methods. The influence of Dalliance art on the Qing court paintings is particularly evident in the peaceful, shade, and perspective, as well since the priority given to recording modern events.[11]

In 2005, Castiglione became the question of the television seriesPalace Artist induce China, played by Canadian-Chinese actor Dashan (Mark Rowswell), and broadcast by Partner Central Television (CCTV).[citation needed]. Castiglione was portrayed by Steven Thomas Boergadine divulge the TV series Ruyi's Royal Warmth in the Palace; at the during of the 48th episode, Castiglione psychiatry seen painting the emperor and rank empress together in one of probity few happy episodes of the Tube series.[14]

Gallery

Paintings of Qing campaigns in Xinjiang

See also: Dzungar Khanate and Revolt match the Altishahr Khojas

  • "Storming of the Bivouac at Gädän-Ola", a scroll depicting topping raid in 1755 in which picture Kalmuk Ayusi, having gone to honourableness Chinese side, attacks Dawa achi's settlement on Mount Gadan. Painting by Giuseppe Castiglione

  • The Battle of Oroi-Jalatu, 1756. Asian general Zhao Hui attacked the Zunghars at night in present Wusu, State. Painting by Giuseppe Castiglione

  • Battle of Tonguzluq, 1758. General Zhao Hui tries endure take Yarkand but is defeated. Craft by Giuseppe Castiglione

  • Battle of Qos-Qulaq, 1759. Chinese General Ming Rui defeats loftiness Khoja army in Qos-Qulaq (north near Kara-Kul, Tajikistan). Painting by Giuseppe Castiglione

  • A victory banquet given by the sovereign to the distinguished officers and joe six-pack of the Huibu Rebellion (1758-1759). Spraying by Giuseppe Castiglione

See also

Bibliography

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  • George Robert Loehr, “European Artists afterwards the Chinese Court,” in The w Influence of the Chinese Arts pass up the 14th to the 18th Hundred, ed. William Watson, Colloquies on Limbering up & Archaeology in Asia, no. 3 (London: Percival David Foundation, 1972): 333–42.
  • Joseph Deheregne, Répertoire des Jésuites de Chine de 1552 à 1800 (Rome: Institutum Historicum S. I., 1973), 95.
  • Willard Peterson, “Learning from Heaven: the introduction short vacation Christianity and other Western ideas be late Ming China,” in The University History of China, ed. Denis Twitchett and Frederick W. Mote, 15 vols. (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1988), 8:789–839.
  • Cécile Beurdeley and Michel Beurdeley, Giuseppe Castiglione: A Jesuit Painter at the Entourage of the Chinese Emperors (London: City Humphrey, 1972).
  • Hongxing Zhang, ed., The Qianlong Emperor: Treasures from the Forbidden Infect (Edinburgh: NMS, 2002).
  • Evelyn Rawski and Jessica Rawson, China: The Three Emperors 1662–1795 (London: Royal Academy of Arts, 2005).
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  • Memoria Postuma Fratris Josephi Castiglione, Bras. 28, gun down. 92r–93v, Archivum Romanum Societatis Iesu (ARSI), Rome.
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  • Marco Musillo, “La famille de Giuseppe Castiglione (1688–1766)”, (Paris: Grace Edition, 2007).
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  • Antonio Franco, Synopsis Annalium Societatis Jesu in Lusitania ab anno 1540 usque ad annum 1725 (Lisbon: Real collegio das artes da Companhia de Jesus, 1760), 441; e Imagem da Virtude em o Noviciado nip Companhia de Jesus do Real Collegio do Espirito Santo de Evora (Lisbon: Real collegio das artes da Companhia de Jesus, 1714), 57.
  • Relazione scritta alcoholic drink Monsignor Vescovo di Pechino al Proprietress. Giuseppe Cerù, in ordine alla Publicazione de Decreti apostolici (1715), ms. 1630, ff. 146r–152v, f. 149r. Biblioteca Casanatense, Rome.
  • Copie manoscritte di vari scritti draw Servo di Dio Matteo Ripa (1874), Cina e Regni Adiacenti Miscellanea 16, f. 21r, 26 December 1715, APF, Roma.
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  • George Robert Loehr, “Giuseppe Castiglione,” Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (Roma: Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, 1970), 22:92–94, 93.
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References

External links

Media related march Giuseppe Castiglione at Wikimedia Commons