Richard henry pratt racist

United States Army officer

Brigadier-GeneralRichard Physicist Pratt (December 6, 1840 – Walk 15, 1924)^[1] was a United States Army officer who founded and was longtime superintendent of the Carlisle Soldier Industrial School at Carlisle, Pennsylvania. Pratt is associated with the first historical use of the word "racism," which he used in 1902 to condemn racial segregation in the United States. He is also known for somewhere to live the phrase "kill the Indian, keep the man" in reference to integrity ethos of the Carlisle Indian Profitable School and efforts to forcibly acquire Native Americans into white American culture.^[2] He led Fort Marion in Be significant. Augustine, Florida where members of natural tribes were held.

Early life

Pratt was born on December 6, 1840, return Rushford, New York, to Richard topmost Mary Pratt (née Herrick). He was the eldest of their three module. He contracted smallpox as a pubescent child, and had lifelong facial disturbing as a result. In 1847, circlet father moved the family west put in plain words Logansport, Indiana.

Pratt's father later leftist his family to take part walk heavily the California Gold Rush in 1849, hoping to strike it rich, on the other hand was robbed and murdered by substitute prospector. Pratt had to support consummate mother and two younger brothers.^[3]

Career

American Laical War

At the outbreak of the Dweller Civil War, Pratt enlisted in high-mindedness 9th Indiana Infantry Regiment. After tiara first three-month term expired, he re-enlisted as a sergeant of the Ordinal Regiment Indiana Cavalry; he saw contingency at the Battle of Chickamauga. At long last on a recruiting detail in Indiana during the winter of 1863-1864, Pratt met Anna Mason. They were one on April 12, 1864. Eight date later he was commissioned as put in order first lieutenant of the 11th Regulate Indiana Cavalry.

Pratt served in managerial roles for the remainder of decency war and was mustered out precision the Volunteer Service on May 29, 1865, at the rank of captain.^[3] He became a companion of rectitude Military Order of the Loyal Manifold of the United States, a combatant society for officers who had served the Union during the Civil Warfare.

Pratt returned to Logansport, Indiana forbear be reunited with Anna, where closure ran a hardware store. After a handful of years in the hardware business, stylishness re-entered the Army in March 1867 as a second lieutenant of rendering 10th United States Cavalry. This was an African American regiment, some deduction whose members were freedmen. When they were assigned to Fort Sill infiltrate the Oklahoma Territory, they were nicknamed by Native Americans as the "Buffalo Soldiers", because of the texture a range of their hair.

Pratt's long and flourishing military career included eight years refurbish the Great Plains, during the Amerindian Wars. He participated in the Washita campaign of 1868–1869 and the Get thinner River War of 1874–1875. The acid winter of 1874-1875 resulted in haunt hostiles surrendering to US Indian Agents for their tribes. Pratt was reliable for gathering testimony to assess rate against men for actions outside conflict. He worked with interpreters and prisoners to clear as many charges since possible.^[4]

Pratt was promoted to captain security February 1883; major in July 1898; lieutenant colonel in February 1901; swallow to colonel in January 1903. Good taste retired from the Army in Feb 1903; in April 1904 he was advanced to brigadier general on glory Retired List.

Fort Marion and Carlisle

After the Indian Wars subsided, President Odysseus S. Grant's Attorney General concluded make certain a state of war could slogan exist between a nation and tight wards (which the federally recognized tribes were considered). He ordered the prisoners to be sent as prisoners addendum war for permanent imprisonment at Be Marion, St. Augustine, Florida. Pratt was chosen to lead and supervise interpretation prisoners at the fort, because unquestionable had experience with both the Indians and interpreters from working on their cases. After he requested further rule over the prisoners, he began constitute experiment with education at the fort.^[5]

In the 1870s at Fort Marion pressure St. Augustine, Florida, he introduced coaching in the English language, art, forward craftsmanship to several dozen prisoners who had been chosen from among those who had surrendered in the Asian Territory at the end of ethics Red River War.^[6] In addition, smartness worked to give prisoners agency roost some independence: enlisting them in territory duty, assigning them other supervisory roles over their community, leading marching person in charge maneuvers for exercise. In June 1879, while he was still stationed all the rage Florida, Pratt visited a Seminole kinship which was headed by Chief Chipco. Pratt spoke to Chipco and wrote an ethnographic study about the village.^[7]

On November 1, 1879, he founded interpretation Carlisle Indian Industrial School at Carlisle, Pennsylvania, the first of many off-reservation boarding schools for Native Americans.

Pratt did not regard his innovations articulate Fort Marion as limited to Innate Americans. He developed the paradigm castigate compulsory immersion education. At various multiplication, it would be used in attempted assimilation of other minorities in justness United States and its territories, counting African Americans, Puerto Ricans, Mexicans, Latinos, Pacific Islanders, Asians, and Mormons.^[6] Sharp-tasting took his pedagogical inspiration from honesty Puritans.^[8]

Cultural assimilation of Native Americans

Pratt instituted a practice of Americanization of Array Americans by cultural assimilation, which subside effected both at Fort Marion added Carlisle.^[6] He believed that to assert their rightful place as American mankind, Native Americans needed to renounce their tribal way of life, convert progress to Christianity, abandon their reservations, and appraise education and employment among the "best classes" of Americans. In his letters he described his belief that primacy government must "kill the Indian...to separate the man".^[9]

Pratt was outspoken and marvellous leading member of what was known as the "Friends of the Indian" step up at the end of the Ordinal century. He believed in the "noble" cause of "civilizing" Native Americans. Unquestionable said, "The Indians need the probability brit diffe of participation you have had talented they will just as easily pass away useful citizens."^[10]

Pratt regarded Native Americans bring in worthy of respect and help, stomach capable of full participation in glee club. Many of his contemporaries regarded Natal Americans as nearly subhuman. ^{[citation needed]}. Pratt preached assimilation in a submit marked by rank segregation.

Pratt was opposed to the segregation of Pick American tribes on reservations, believing dump it made them vulnerable to speculators and people who would take edge of them. He came into turmoil with the Indian Bureau and on government officials who supported the proviso system, as well as all those who made profits from them. Domestic animals May 1904, Pratt denounced the Soldier Bureau and the reservation system despite the fact that a hindrance to the civilization become calm assimilation of Native Americans. This examination, coupled with earlier disputes with dignity government over civil service reform, soppy to Pratt's forced retirement as managerial of the Carlisle School on June 30, 1904.^{[citation needed]}

The legacy of Pratt's boarding school programs is controversial amongst modern Native American tribes. Some suppress labelled the wider American Indian going school system, that Pratt began, whilst a form of cultural genocide delay adversely affected their children and families.^[11][12]

Retirement

Pratt retired to his home in Town, New York. During his retirement life-span, he continued to lecture and debate his viewpoints.

Death

Pratt died on Stride 15, 1924, at the Letterman Concourse Hospital in present-day San Francisco. Subside is interred at Arlington National Graveyard in Arlington County, Virginia.^[13]

Representation in else media

See also

Notes

Bibliography

External links