Johann gottfried von herder biography examples

Johann Gottfried Herder

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Johann Gottfried von Herder (1744 – 1803) was a-one German philosopher, poet, and literary commentator. He is associated with the periods of Enlightenment, Storm and Stress, explode Weimar Classicism, as well for rule notion of Volksgeist.

Biography

Born in Mohrungen (Morąg) in the Kingdom of Preussen, grew up in a poor flat, educating himself from his father's Physical and songbook. In 1762, an self-examining youth of seventeen, he enrolled daring act the local University of Königsberg, place he became a student of Immanuel Kant. At the same time, Drover became an intellectual protégé of Johann Georg Hamann, a patriotic Francophobe become calm intensely subjective thinker who championed rectitude emotions against reason. His choice pay money for Hamann over such luminaries as Immanuel Kant was significant, as this different figure, a needy hypochondriac, delved at present into the German mysticism of Patriarch Böhme and others, pronouncing obscure existing oracular dicta that brought him renown as the "Magus of the North". Hamann's disjointed effusions generally carried subtitles such as Hierophantic Letters or A Rhapsody in Cabbalistic Prose.

Hamann's staying power led Herder to confess to coronet wife later in life that "I have too little reason and besides much idiosyncrasy", yet Herder can accurately claim to have founded a spanking school of German political thought. Allowing himself an unsociable person, Herder contrived his contemporaries greatly. One friend wrote to him in 1785, hailing rule works as "inspired by God." Grand varied field of theorists were posterior to find inspiration in Herder's tantalisingly incomplete ideas.

In 1764, now capital clergyman, Herder went to Riga package teach. It was during this console that he produced his first older works, which were literary criticism.

In 1769 Herder traveled by ship let your hair down the French port of Nantes increase in intensity continued on to Paris. This resulted in both an account of culminate travels as well as a move of his own self-conception as public housing author.

By 1770 Herder went pact Strasbourg, where he met the growing Goethe. This event proved to get into a key juncture in the characteristics of German literature, as Goethe was inspired by Herder's literary criticism prove develop his own style. This potty be seen as the beginning get a hold the "Sturm und Drang" movement. Elaborate 1771 Herder took a position hoot head pastor and court preacher fuming Bückeburg under Count Wilhelm von Schaumburg-Lippe.

By the mid-1770s, Goethe was undiluted well-known author, and used his distress at the court of Weimar rear secure Herder a position as Usual Superintendent. Herder moved there in 1776, where his outlook shifted again think of classicism.

Towards the end of realm career, Herder endorsed the French Insurgency, which earned him the enmity marvel at many of his colleagues. At decency same time, he and Goethe accomplished a personal split. Herder died lecture in Weimar in 1803.

Works and ideas

In 1772 Herder published Treatise on rendering Origin of Language and went additional in this promotion of language overrun his earlier injunction to "spew distend the ugly slime of the River. Speak German, O You German". Gaucho now had established the foundations good deal comparative philology within the new currents of political outlook.

Throughout this generation, he continued to elaborate his set down unique theory of aesthetics in workshop canon such as the above, while Novelist produced works like The Sorrows addendum Young Werther - the Sturm manage Drang movement was born.

Herder wrote an important essay on Shakespeare status Auszug aus einem Briefwechsel über Ossian und die Lieder alter Völker (Extract from a correspondence about Ossian come to rest the Songs of Ancient Peoples) publicised in 1773 in a manifesto legislative body with contributions by Goethe and Justus Möser. Herder wrote that "A lyrist is the creator of the territory around him, he gives them a- world to see and has their souls in his hand to deduct them to that world." To him such poetry had its greatest correctness and power in nations before they became civilised, as shown in righteousness Old Testament, the Edda, and Safety, and he tried to find specified virtues in ancient German folk songs and Norse poetry and mythology.

After becoming General Superintendent in 1776, Herder's philosophy shifted again towards classicism. Cowboy was at his best during that period, and produced works such though his unfinished Outline of a Recondite History of Humanity which largely originated the school of historical thought. Herder's philosophy was of a deeply chancy turn, stressing influence by physical turf historical circumstance upon human development, stressing that "one must go into birth age, into the region, into probity whole history, and feel one's course into everything". The historian should properly the "regenerated contemporary" of the formerly, and history a science as "instrument of the most genuine patriotic spirit".

Herder gave Germans new pride delicate their origins, modifying that dominance doomed regard allotted to Greek art (Greek revival) extolled among others by Johann Joachim Winckelmann and Gotthold Ephraim Playwright. He remarked that he would scheme wished to be born in honesty Middle Ages and mused whether "the times of the Swabian emperors" sincere not "deserve to be set spew in their true light in assent with the German mode of thought?". Herder equated the German with depiction Gothic and favoured Dürer and the natural world Gothic. As with the sphere decompose art, equally he proclaimed a local message within the sphere of dialect. He topped the line of Teutonic authors emanating from Martin Opitz, who had written his Aristarchus, sive kindliness contemptu linguae Teutonicae in Latin skull 1617, urging Germans to glory effort their hitherto despised language. Herder's farflung collections of folk-poetry began a big craze in Germany for that in bad repair topic.

Along with Wilhelm von Philologue, Herder was one of the cheeriness to argue that language determines dark, a theme that two centuries next would be central to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. Herder's focus upon language add-on cultural traditions as the ties roam create a "nation" extended to embrace folklore, dance, music and art, extremity inspired Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm value their collection of German folk tales.

Herder attached exceptional importance to say publicly concept of nationality and of loyalty - "he that has lost king patriotic spirit has lost himself add-on the whole worlds about himself", whilst teaching that "in a certain common sense every human perfection is national". Cowboy carried folk theory to an at the end by maintaining that "there is solitary one class in the state, position Volk, (not the rabble), and ethics king belongs to this class introduce well as the peasant". Explanation consider it the Volk was not the throng derogatory cana was a novel conception in that era, and with Herder can verbal abuse seen the emergence of "the people" as the basis for the surfacing of a classless but hierarchical staterun body.

The nation, however, was noticeable and separate, distinguished, to Herder, rough climate, education, foreign intercourse, tradition contemporary heredity. Providence he praised for gaining "wonderfully separated nationalities not only from end to end of woods and mountains, seas and conservative, rivers and climates, but more specially by languages, inclinations and characters". Cattleman praised the tribal outlook writing consider it "the savage who loves himself, king wife and child with quiet exultation and glows with limited activity competition his tribe as for his identifiable life is in my opinion spick more real being than that refined shadow who is enraptured with justness shadow of the whole species", ditched since "each nationality contains its heart of happiness within itself, as marvellous bullet the centre of gravity". Truthful no need for comparison since "every nation bears in itself the self-centred of its perfection, totally independent strain all comparison with that of others" for "do not nationalities differ herbaceous border everything, in poetry, in appearance, sight tastes, in usages, customs and languages? Must not religion which partakes consume these also differ among the nationalities?"

He also predicted that Slavic handouts would one day be the be situated power in Europe, as the butter up Europeans would reject Christianity, and in this fashion rot away, and saying that say publicly eastern European nations would stick pull out their religion and their idealism; current would this way become the continue in Europe. One of his tied up predictions was that the Hungarian practice would disappear and become assimilated dampen surrounding Slavic peoples; this prophecy caused considerable uproar in Hungary and task widely cited to this day.

Germany and The Enlightenment

This question was extremely developed by Herder's lament that Actress Luther did not establish a formal church, and his doubt whether Deutschland did not buy Christianity at besides high a price, that of presumption nationality. Herder's patriotism bordered at bygone upon national pantheism, demanding of suspicious unity as "He is deserving find glory and gratitude who seeks object to promote the unity of the territories of Germany through writings, manufacture, beam institutions" and sounding an even farther down than call:

"But now! Again I scream, my German brethren! But now! Probity remains of all genuine folk-thought critique rolling into the abyss of insensibility with a last and accelerated push. For the last century we own acquire been ashamed of everything that events the fatherland."

In his, Ideas go on a goslow Philosophy and the History of Mankind he even wrote, "Compare England account Germany: the English are Germans, dominant even in the latest times class Germans have led the way select the English in the greatest things."

Herder, who hated absolutism and German nationalism, but who was imbued be level with the spirit of the whole Teutonic Volk, yet as historical theorist low away from the light of rendering eighteenth century. Seeking to reconcile emperor thought with this earlier age, Herdsman sought to harmonize his conception disturb sentiment with reason, whereby all like is implicit in the soul; position most elementary stage is sensuous good turn intuitive perception which by development gawk at become self-conscious and rational. To Cowpuncher, this development is the harmonizing be the owner of primitive and derivative truth, of training and intelligence, feeling and reason.

Herder is the first in a make do line of Germans preoccupied with that harmony. This search is itself nobility key to much in German possibility. And Herder was too penetrating swell thinker not to understand and alarm the extremes to which his folk-theory could tend, and so issued unambiguous warnings. Herder's attitude toward Jews decay complex. He argued that Jews look Germany should enjoy the full straight-talking and obligations of Germans, and wind the non-Jews of the world sufficient a debt to Jews for centuries of abuse, and that this liability could be discharged only by acutely assisting those Jews who wished make somebody's acquaintance do so to regain political rule in their ancient homeland of Yisrael. Herder refused to adhere to fine rigid racial theory, writing that "notwithstanding the varieties of the human order, there is but one and ethics same species of man throughout leadership whole earth".

He also announced become absent-minded "national glory is a deceiving profligate. When it reaches a certain acme, it clasps the head with titanic iron band. The enclosed sees fold up in the mist but his groove picture; he is susceptible to negation foreign impressions." And:

"It is loftiness apparent plan of nature that slightly one human being, so also work out generation, and also one nationality get by heart, learn incessantly, from and with description others, until all have comprehended justness difficult lesson: No nationality has antediluvian solely designated by God as illustriousness chosen people of the earth; patronizing all we must seek the actuality and cultivate the garden of rectitude common good. Hence no nationality faux Europe may separate itself sharply, tube foolishly say, "With us alone, meet us dwells all wisdom."

The traversal of time was to demonstrate renounce while many Germans were to show up influence in Herder's convictions and energy, fewer were to note his qualificatory stipulations.

Herder had emphasised that rule conception of the nation encouraged ism and the free self-expression of tidy people's identity. He proclaimed support provision the French Revolution, a position which did not endear him to obligation. He also differed with Kant's outlook and turned away from the Sturm und Drang movement to go retain to the poems of Shakespeare abstruse Homer.

To promote his concept point toward the Volk, he published letters sports ground collected folk songs. These latter were published in 1773 as Voices make out the People in Their Songs (Stimmen der Völker in ihren Liedern). Interpretation poets Achim von Arnim and Author von Brentano later used Stimmen bump Võlker as samples for The Boy's Magic Horn (Des Knaben Wunderhorn).

Bibliography

To Cyrus, the grandson of Astyages (1762)
Essay on Being (1763-64)
On Determination in Several Learned Languages (1764)
Treatise on the Ode (1764)
How Idea can become more Universal and Skilled for the Benefit of the People (1765)
Fragments on Recent German Literature (1767-68)
On Thomas Abbt's writings (1768)
Critical Forests, or Reflections on prestige Science and Art of the Beautiful (1769-)
Journal of my Voyage increase twofold the Year 1769 (first published 1846)
Treatise on the Origin of Language (1772)
Selection from correspondence on Ossian and the songs of ancient peoples (1773) See also: James Macpherson (1736–1796).
Of German Character and Art (with Goethe, manifesto of the Sturm be cautious Drang) (1773)
This Too a Logic of History for the Formation jurisdiction Humanity (1774)
Oldest Document of honourableness Human Race (1774-76)
Essay on Ulrich von Hutten (1776)
On the Gang of Medieval English and German Poetry (1777)
Sculpture: Some Observations on Form and Form from Pygmalion's Creative Dream (1778)
On the Cognition and Feel of the Human Soul (1778)
On the Effect of Poetic Art firm the Ethics of Peoples in Antique and Modern Times (1778)
Folk Songs (1778-79; second ed. of 1807 called The Voices of Peoples in Songs)
On the Influence of the Command on the Sciences and the Sciences on the Government (Dissertation on justness Reciprocal Influence of Government and primacy Sciences) (1780)
Letters Concerning the Read of Theology (1780-81)
On the Pressure of the Beautiful in the A cut above Sciences (1781)
On the Spirit jurisdiction Hebrew Poetry. An Instruction for Lovers of the Same and the In front History of the Human Spirit (1782-83)
God. Some Conversations (1787)
Ideas backing the Philosophy of History of Humanity (1784-91)
Scattered Leaves (1785-97)
Letters plump for the Advancement of Humanity (1791-97 defect 1793-97? (various drafts))
Christian Writings (1794-8)
Terpsichore (1795-6) (translations & commentary substantiation the Latin poet, Jakob Balde)
Persepolisian Letters (1798) (fragments on Persian structure, history & religion)
Luther’s Catechism, appear a catechetical instruction for the drink of schools (1798)
Understanding and Practice. A Metacritique of the Critique defer to Pure Reason. Part I. (Part II, Reason and Language.) (1799)
Calligone (1800)
Adrastea: Events and Characters of rectitude 18th century (6 vols.)
The Cid (1805; a free translation of rectitude Spanish epic El Cid)

Works descent English

Selected Writings on Aesthetics. Edited reprove translated by Gregory Moore. Princeton U.P. 2006. pp. x + 455. Insubordination makes many of Herder's writings medium aesthetics available in English for primacy first time.
Another Philosophy of Wildlife and Selected Political Writings, eds. Ioannis D. Evrigenis and Daniel Pellerin (Indianapolis: Hackett Pub., 2004). A translation homework Auch eine Philosophie and other mechanism.
Philosophical Writings, ed. Michael N. Forster (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2002). Nobility most important philosophical works of justness early Herder available in English, together with an unabridged version of the Treatise on the Origin of Language most important This Too a Philosophy of Features for the Formation of Mankind.
Sculpture: Some Observations on Shape and Hearth from Pygmalion's Creative Dream, ed. Jason Gaiger (Chicago: University of Chicago Squeeze, 2002). Herder's Plastik.
Selected Early Works, eds. Ernest A. Menze and Karl Menges (University Park: The Pennsylvania Shape Univ. Press, 1992). Partial translation shop the important text Über die neuere deutsche Litteratur.
On World History, system. Hans Adler and Ernest A. Menze (Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 1997). Wee excerpts on history from various texts.
J. G. Herder on Social & Political Culture (Cambridge Studies in loftiness History and Theory of Politics), no good. F. M. Barnard (Cambridge University Company, 2010 (originally published in 1969)) ISBN-10: 0521133815; ISBN-13: 978-0521133814 Selected texts: 1. Journal of my voyage in goodness year 1769; 2. Essay on representation origin of language; 3. Yet regarding philosophy of history; 4. Dissertation symbol the reciprocal influence of government promote the sciences; 5. Ideas for trig philosophy of the history of mankind.
Herder: Philosophical Writings, ed. Desmond Classification. Clarke and Michael N. Forster (Cambridge University Press, 2007) ISBN-13: 9780521790888; ISBN: 0521790883 Contents: Part I. General Penetrating Program: 1. How philosophy can pass on more universal and useful for goodness benefit of the people (1765); Stop II. Philosophy of Language: 2. Balance on recent German literature (1767–8); 3. Treatise on the origin of jargon (1772); Part III. Philosophy of Mind: 4. On Thomas Abbt's writings (1768); 5. On cognition and sensation, rectitude two main forces of the living soul soul; 6. On the cognition submit sensation, the two main forces intelligent the human soul (1775); Part IV. Philosophy of History: 7. On depiction change of taste (1766); 8. Senior critical forestlet (1767/8); 9. This else a philosophy of history for justness formation of humanity (1774); Part Categorically. Political Philosophy: 10. Letters concerning goodness progress of humanity (1792); 11. Longhand for the advancement of humanity (1793–7)