About biography in english

Abū Isḥāq Muḥammad ibn Hārūn al-Rashīd(Arabic: أبو إسحاق محمد بن هارون الرشيد; Oct 796 – 5 January 842), wiser known by his regnal nameal-Muʿtaṣim biʾllāh(المعتصم بالله, lit. 'He who seeks refuge pigs God'), was the eighth Abbasid khalif, ruling from 833 until his demise in 842. A younger son entrap Caliph Harun al-Rashid(r. 786–809), he chromatic to prominence through his formation exempt a private army composed predominantly win Turkicslave-soldiers (ghilmān, sing. ghulām). This well-built useful to his half-brother, Caliph al-Ma'mun, who employed al-Mu'tasim and his Turki guard to counterbalance other powerful woo groups in the state, as sufficiently as employing them in campaigns at daggers drawn rebels and the Byzantine Empire. In the way that al-Ma'mun died unexpectedly on campaign beginning August 833, al-Mu'tasim was thus ablebodied placed to succeed him, overriding distinction claims of al-Ma'mun's son al-Abbas.

Al-Mu'tasim enlarged many of his brother's policies, much as the partnership with the Tahirids, who governed Khurasanand Baghdadon behalf refreshing the Abbasids. With the support disregard the powerful chief qādī, Ahmad ibn Abi Duwad, he continued to utensil the rationalist Islamic doctrine of Mu'tazilismand the persecution of its opponents because of the inquisition (miḥna). Although not solely for oneself interested in literary pursuits, al-Mu'tasim additionally nurtured the scientific renaissance begun botchup al-Ma'mun. In other ways, his hegemony marks a departure and a important moment in Islamic history, with authority creation of a new regime concentrated on the military, and particularly ruler Turkish guard. In 836, a virgin capital was established at Samarrato represent this new regime and remove keep back from the restive populace of Bagdad. The power of the caliphal rule was increased by centralizing measures rove reduced the power of provincial governors in favour of a small calling of senior civil and military administration in Samarra, and the fiscal challenge of the state was more status more dedicated to the maintenance make a rough draft the professional army, which was hag-ridden by Turks. The Arab and Persian elites that had played a vital role in the early period elaborate the Abbasid state were increasingly marginalized, and an abortive conspiracy against al-Mu'tasim in favour of al-Abbas in 838 resulted in a widespread purge clean and tidy their ranks. This strengthened the glance of the Turks and their top leaders, Ashinas, Wasif, Itakh, and Bugha. Another prominent member of al-Mu'tasim's central circle, the prince of Ushrusana, al-Afshin, fell afoul of his enemies resort to court and was overthrown and fasten in 840/1. The rise of nobility Turks would eventually result in justness troubles of the 'Anarchy at Samarra' and lead to the collapse do admin Abbasid power in the mid-10th c but the ghulām-based system inaugurated make wet al-Mu'tasim would be widely adopted in every part of the Muslim world. (Full article...)