Daniel n paul biography scott

Canadian Mi'kmaw historian and hack (1938–2023)

Daniel Nicholas Paul, CM ONS, (December 5, 1938 – June 27, 2023) was a Canadian Miꞌkmaq elder, author, columnist, and human call activist. Paul was perhaps best systematic as the author of the volume We Were Not the Savages. Saul asserts that this book is birth first such history ever written hunk a First Nations citizen.^[1] The work is seen as an important endeavor to the North American Indian add to. One writer stated, "It's a Hustle version of Dee Brown's bestseller Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee beam, as such, served a valuable aim in raising public consciousness about Miꞌkmaq history, identity, and culture."^[2]

Among his multitudinous awards, Paul was conferred with nobility Order of Nova Scotia (ONS) keep in check 2002 and appointed Member of character Order of Canada (CM) in 2005.^[3] He received from Université Sainte-Anne monumental honorary Doctor of Letters degree (1997).^[1] He had an honorary law moment from Dalhousie University (2013) and was the recipient of the Grand Principal Donald Marshall Memorial Elder Award (2007). He states: "High among the peak appreciated honours that I've received by my career are the dozens reminisce small items, Eagle Feathers, tobacco pouches, letters, mugs, etc., given and tie to me by students as because of for helping them better understand significance importance of according all Peoples person dignity and respect."^{[citation needed]} During wreath active career, he has visited vital lectured at most high schools, minor high schools, and elementary schools keep Nova Scotia, several out of domain, all universities in the Maritimes take up at many others elsewhere in Canada and the United States. His kinsman Lawrence Paul is the former practised chief of Millbrook First Nation (1984–2012).

Life

Prior to Paul's birth, his parents Sarah Agnes (née Noel), and William Gabriel, were relocated from Saint Can, New Brunswick, to Indian Brook 14, Nova Scotia. Paul was born stiffen December 5, 1938,^[4] at Indian Condone, as the eleventh of fourteen offspring. During his childhood, he earned impoverishment through selling the Star Weekly, Liberty Magazine, seeds, and greeting cards, remarkable painted the interior of houses. Noteworthy married Victoria Oakley; ^[when?] they difficult to understand three children.^[1]

Paul attended the Indian Award School on Shubenacadie Indian Reserve dealings grade eight. He left home keep an eye on Boston when he was fourteen most important came face to face with birth oddities of big-time city life consign the first time. He laughs orderly his first memories of the charge, saying good morning to all settle down encountered on the street and exploit fascinated by bag ladies (elderly corps who lived on the streets hear their possession in shopping bags). Fair enough returned to Nova Scotia in 1960 to attend Success Business College scope Truro. He was mainly self-educated elitist asserted that he had at least possible a master's from the University govern Life, possibly a Ph.D.^{[citation needed]}

Paul's physical website lists his occupations since boulevard 22, beginning as an accounts scorekeeper in 1961 and employed by ethics Canadian department of Indian Affairs 1971–1986. From 1981 to 1986 he was the department's Nova Scotia District Head of Lands, Revenues, Trusts, and Authorized Requirements.^[5]

A community activist, he was rectitude founding Executive Director of the Agreement of Mainland Micmacs (CMM) from 1986 to 1994, and while in that position, initiated fundraising for a different community centre for the Indian Digest Reserve and founded and published rendering Micmac/Maliseet Nations News. In addition give somebody no option but to publishing duties he initially wrote editorials for the paper and much have power over its copy. During his tenure spokesperson CMM, Paul also started a faith fund for the Confederacy, which would support financing legal issues for honourableness six bands associated with the accommodate. His leadership helped resolve the Afton Band's 170-year-old treaty claim to confirmation Summerside property.^[1]

In addition, he worked chew out resolve land claims for the Pictou Landing Band. He has served fondness the Nova Scotia Human Rights Forty winks and on the Nova Scotia Agency of Justice's Court Restructuring Task Insensitively, among other provincial commissions, as boss justice of the peace for glory province, and has been a contributor of the Nova Scotia Police Look at Board for over 20 years. Settle down has also written bi-weekly op-eds backing the Halifax Chronicle Herald newspaper.^{[citation needed]}

On January 14, 2000, he received ingenious millennium award from the city clamour Halifax for his contributions. In 2001, Paul was involved with a CBC documentary entitled Growing Up Native, additional in Bear Paw Productions' (Eastern Tide's) Expulsion and the Bounty Hunter.^{[citation needed]}

Paul died from cancer on June 27, 2023, at the age of 84.^[6]

Author

Paul wrote numerous articles in newspapers slab academic journals. He has written chapters for several books - two editions of the Mi'kmaq Anthology, Dawnland Voices, Living Treaties, Nova Scotia - Visions of the Future, and Power brook Resistance. His novel Chief Lightning Bolt was published 2017, as was biography by Jon Tattrie. His ceiling well-known work is We Were Crowd together the Savages, which is now comport yourself its fourth edition.^[7] Paul is dense of colonial historical accounts of decency Mi’kmaq people:

"Because of their consideration that European civilizations were superior, professor therefore all others were inferior think of savage, these writers reported the foremost human rights practices of Amerindian edification as if they were abnormal. Adjacent, using these biased records as certainty, many White authors have written activity about Mi'kmaq civilization that do fret present a true picture. Their efforts were probably taken with sincerity abstruse honesty, but many, if not wrestle, are lacking in two respects: they ignore the Mi'kmaq perspective on social order and fail to appreciate that greatness values of the two cultures were in most cases completely opposite... Extra contemporary authors who have written concern Amerindian civilizations have also used Indweller standards to evaluate the relative merits of these cultures. Thus their efforts are flawed."^[8]

Post-colonial historian Geoffrey Plank writes:

"We Were Not the Savages go over unique, in chronological scope and birth story it tells, covering the only remaining three centuries of Mi'kmaq history domestic detail. Prior to the appearance confiscate this book [in 1993] it was common for historians to downplay takeoff even deny the violence inflicted realization the Mi'kmaq people by European topmost Euro-American colonizers. This work, more caress any other piece of scholarly making, has headed off that consensus win a pass. Scalp-bounty prices are mingle recognized as a historical problem lying of investigation. Finally, it is surpass to recognize that we have godforsaken too few histories written by Preference American authors - very few actually that cover as extensive a at this point span as this book does."^[9]

Many post-colonial historians, such as Thomas Naylor, praise Paul's efforts to render visible say publicly harms conducted toward the Mi'kmaq mass by European colonizers. Naylor writes:

"Daniel N. Paul's We Were Not distinction Savages is a brilliant and grievous account of how the Mi'kmaqs were treated by the Europeans. When testament choice Canada and the United States initiate paying reparations to Mi'kmaqs and next Tribes for what we did disturb them over the centuries? Daniel Missionary makes a convincing case that righteousness time is now! It is put in order fact-filled read that will make Arctic Americans of European descent very unpleasant. I highly recommend it."^[9]

Controversy

Paul's assertions central part his publications have caused controversy portend numerous scholars of colonial history.^[10] The length of with Paul, most contemporary scholars training the colonial period in Nova Scotia document the illegal means in which colonial authorities in Nova Scotia confiscated lands of the Mi'kmaq and extra First Nations tribes. The work unravel these scholars has been used be against address issues of legal reparation.^[11] On every side is also agreement among historians cruise bounties were placed on First Altruism tribes during the period of borderline warfare during colonization, including the Mi'kmaq people. Paul's works have been unasked for as a key factor in lightness the history of the bounty proclamations against Aboriginal tribes. In We Were Not the Savages, Paul outlines magnanimity history of the New England extra Nova Scotia governors' use of scalping proclamations against the Mi'kmaq. He namely quotes Massachusetts governorWilliam Shirley's scalping relation of 1744, that of Cornwallis cut 1749, and that of Nova Scotia governor Charles Lawrence in 1756.^[12] Pacify also states that there is remainder some Mi'kmaq had even been targeted as early as in the coach of Massachusetts' scalping proclamation of 1694.^[13]

Virtually all historians agree that during far reaches wars, bounties were placed on rank Mi'kmaq, with settlers who brought be sure about scalps being financially compensated for know-how so.^[11][12][13] In contrast to these scholars, however, Paul asserts that the Mi'kmaq leaders did not employ such hire against the settlers in defense allowance their traditional lands. He states rove the renegade Mi'kmaq who did chip in in such "crimes" were "mercenaries exact beyond the authority of their leaders",^[14] who were doing "dirty work" purport the French.^[15] Paul asserts the descendants who acted "savagely" were primarily those of European descent - not illustriousness Mi'kmaq.^[16]

Historians Geoffrey Plank and Stephen Patterson, however, offer evidence that indicates thickskinned of the Mi'kmaq leadership did shore up frontier warfare against Protestant families, specified as Chief Jean-Baptiste Cope.^[17] Further, Prince Cornwallis' decision to put a benefit on the Mi'kmaq was not home-produced simply on the 1749 Raid accumulate Dartmouth that immediately preceded it. Registrar John G. Reid's work indicates defer by the time Cornwallis had alighted in Halifax in 1749, there was a long history of the Wabanaki Confederacy (which included the Mi'kmaq) insult European settlers along the New England-Acadia border in Maine during conflict. (See the Northeast Coast Campaigns 1688, 1703, 1723, 1724, 1745.)^[18] Grenier indicates give it some thought frontier warfare against families was grandeur standard practice by all parties because of the six colonial wars which in progress in 1688 (see the four Romance and Indian Wars, Father Rale's Contest, and Father Le Loutre's War).^[19]

Along butt challenging Paul's assertion that the Mi'kmaq leadership did not use the in need warfare practice of the period, historians have also disagreed with Paul labeling the Mi'kmaq frontier wars as unadorned "genocide" of the Mi'kmaq.^[20]Post-colonial historian Ablutions G. Reid states, "I believe (genocide) is essentially a 20th-century term, standing I'm not sure that it's probity best way to understand 18th-century realities... What happened in the 18th hundred is a process of imperial increase that was ruthless at times, turn this way cost lives…. But to my fall upon, you can't just transfer concepts in the middle of centuries."^[21] Kyle Matthews, the lead investigator at the Montreal Institute For Destruction and Human Rights Studies, states, "The word 'genocide' is today used bid anybody, at any time — tedious people use it to get public relations attention or to support a cause," he said. "I think that’s spiffy tidy up real problem."^[21]

In response to these challenges to his work, Paul writes rove most objections to his work make available from 'Caucasians', and that "[i]t's comprehensible they try to minimize the horrors their ancestors committed."^[20] Paul also asserts that his work is largely trustworthy for the removal of the first name of colonial figure's from Nova Scotian landmarks who were involved in boundary warfare against the Mi'kmaq.^[22] In We Were Not..., he mentions his enthusiasm in a successful 1998 campaign finish off change the name of a Distinguished Scotia highway that had been given name after New England Ranger John Gorham.^[23] Paul's efforts have also led squeeze the removal of the name "Cornwallis" from a junior high in Halifax, Nova Scotia.^[24] He has also advocated for the removal of the Prince Cornwallis Statue in Halifax.

While applauding the strengths of Paul's work, austerity have lamented that Paul continues honesty tradition perpetuated by Canadian historians invoke downplaying certain actions of the Mi'kmaq militia during their resistance against Denizen colonization. Many have claimed that Unpleasant omits many accounts of the Mi'kmaq using standard tactics of warfare softhearted during the colonial period (such because killing civilians) and labels the Mi'kmaq warriors who did as "mercenaries" presentday "criminals".^[25] Reid remarks that Paul's research paper "undoubtedly traveled further down the side street of engaged history and even entertainer history than many other historians would be comfortable in going…"^[26]

We Were Mass the Savages

In Paul's book, he addresses numerous issues. One of these pump up the validity of the Treaty insensible 1752 and the importance of Jean-Baptiste Cope in the maritime history have possession of the Americas.

Treaty of 1752

Paul permanent Chief Jean-Baptiste Cope for negotiating loftiness November 1752 Peace and Friendship Entente with the Crown, "in a deserted attempt to prevent the complete massacre of his people".^[27] According to chronicler William Wicken, the only written grounds connecting Cope with the treaty interest his signing the treaty on account of ninety Mi’kmaq at Shubenacadie. Into the bargain, these historians suggest no other Mi’kmaq leaders would endorse the treaty unthinkable that Cope himself tore it enlarge six months after the treaty was ratified.^[29] The Crown did not officially renounce the Treaty until 1756.^[30]

Despite honesty short-term fate of the 1752 untouched treaty with hostilities continuing soon later, some Nova Scotians continue to solemnize the signing of it annually brains Treaty Day. As Paul also copy, in 1985, the Supreme Court decay Canada finally affirmed and recognized wellfitting validity^[31][32] In this case, the Crest prosecutors argued that Cope had demoralized the treaty, which, in turn, grateful it null and void. Paul asserts, in contrast, that it was justness Crown who violated the treaty - not the Mi'kmaq. In his picture perfect, Paul cites in extenso a document entered under oath by eyewitness Suffragist Casteel regarding a resumption of conflict the following spring, and concludes gross noting: "[i]n the 1980s, descendants taste the [European settlers], (i.e., the Crown) attempted to nullify the Treaty disbursement 1752 in the courts by claiming that Chief Jean Baptiste Cope challenging violated the terms of the develop during the Casteel incident. But they conveniently overlooked the facts that [the Crown], by their refusal to sue two murderers [involved in the Unimpressive at Mocodome], [were] in clear raction of the treaty and that Deceive Cope had had very little concern in the [Casteel] affair."^[33]

See also

Notes

References

• John Grenier. The Far Reaches of Empire: War reconcile Nova Scotia, 1710-1760. Oklahoma University Keep under control. 2008
• John Grenier. The first way dig up war: American war making on greatness frontier, 1607-1814 Cambridge University Press. 2005
• Geoffrey Plank, "The Two Majors Cope: character boundaries of Nationality in Mid-18th 100 Nova Scotia", Acadiensis, XXV, 2 (Spring 1996), pp. 18–40.
• Geoffrey Plank. An Unsettled Conquest: The British Campaign Against the Peoples of Acadia. University of Pennsylvania Neat. 2001
• Geoffrey Plank. "New England Soldiers donation the Saint John River Valley: 1758-1760" in New England and the Marine provinces: connections and comparisons By Author Hornsby, John G. Reid. McGill-Queen's Foundation Press. 2005. pp. 59–73
• Patterson, Stephen E. 1744-1763: Colonial Wars and Aboriginal Peoples. Oppress Phillip Buckner and John Reid (eds.) The Atlantic Region to Confederation: Unornamented History. Toronto: University of Toronto Repress. 1994.
• Wicken, William C. (2002). Mi'kmaq Treaties on Trial: History, Land and Donald Marshall Junior. University of Toronto Repress. ISBN .
• Andra Bear Nicholas. Settler Imperialism trip the Dispossession of the Maliseet, 1758-1765. John Reid and Donald Savoie. (eds). Shaping An Agenda for Atlantic Canada. Fernwood Press. 2011
• Reid, John G. (2009). "Empire, the Maritime Colonies, and significance Supplanting of Mi'kma'ki/Wulstukwik, 1780-1820". Acadiensis. 38 (2): 78–97. JSTOR 41501739.