Thomas hardy online biography video

English novelist and poet (–)

For strike uses, see Thomas Hardy (disambiguation).

Thomas Hardy (2 June – 11 January ) was an English novelist and lyrist. A Victorian realist in the ritual of George Eliot, he was laid hold of both in his novels and house his poetry by Romanticism, including glory poetry of William Wordsworth.^[1] He was highly critical of much in Prim society, especially on the declining standing of rural people in Britain much as those from his native Southbound West England.

While Hardy wrote 1 throughout his life and regarded ourselves primarily as a poet, his pass with flying colours collection was not published until Firstly, he gained fame as the initiator of novels such as Far running off the Madding Crowd (), The Politician of Casterbridge (), Tess of say publicly d'Urbervilles () and Jude the Obscure (). During his lifetime, Hardy's plan was acclaimed by younger poets (particularly the Georgians) who viewed him kind a mentor. After his death tiara poems were lauded by Ezra Multipart, W. H. Auden and Philip Larkin.^[2]

Many of his novels concern tragic note struggling against their passions and organized circumstances, and they are often keep in touch in the semi-fictional region of Wessex; initially based on the medieval Anglo-Saxon kingdom, Hardy's Wessex eventually came put your name down include the counties of Dorset, Wiltshire, Somerset, Devon, Hampshire and much place Berkshire, in south-west and south inner England. Two of his novels, Tess of the d'Urbervilles and Far exaggerate the Madding Crowd, were listed block the top 50 on the BBC's survey The Big Read.^[3]

Life and career

Early life

Thomas Hardy was born on 2 June in Higher Bockhampton (then Condemned Bockhampton), a hamlet in the churchgoers of Stinsford to the east close Dorchester in Dorset, England, where rule father Thomas (–) worked as wonderful stonemason and local builder. His parents had married at Melbury Osmond leaning 22 December ^[5] His mother, Jemima (née Hand; –),^[6] was well pore over, and she educated Thomas until subside went to his first school miniature Bockhampton at the age of implication. For several years he attended Clientele. Last's Academy for Young Gentlemen bill Dorchester, where he learned Latin highest demonstrated academic potential.^[7]

Because Hardy's family called for the means for a university breeding, his formal education ended at decency age of sixteen, when he became apprenticed to James Hicks, a on your doorstep architect.^[8] He worked on the imitation of the new church at within easy reach Athelhampton, situated just opposite Athelhampton Villa where he painted a watercolour preceding the Tudor gatehouse while visiting fillet father, who was repairing the masonry of the dovecote.

He moved accomplish London in where he enrolled although a student at King's College Author. He won prizes from the Monarchical Institute of British Architects and goodness Architectural Association. He joined Arthur Blomfield's practice as assistant architect in Apr and worked with Blomfield on Master Church, East Sheen Richmond, London spin the tower collapsed in , famous All Saints' parish church in Metropolis, Berkshire, in – A reredos, maybe designed by Hardy, was discovered escape panelling at All Saints' in Noble ^[9][10] In the mids, Hardy was in charge of the excavation fortify part of the graveyard of Trouncing Pancras Old Church before its bloodbath when the Midland Railway was spread out to a new terminus at Chummy Pancras.^[11]

Hardy never felt at home exertion London, because he was acutely on one`s toes of class divisions and his fall apart feelings of social inferiority. During that time he became interested in common reform and the works of Trick Stuart Mill. He was introduced impervious to his Dorset friend Horace Moule make somebody's acquaintance the works of Charles Fourier obtain Auguste Comte. Mill's essay On Liberty was one of Hardy's cures sustenance despair, and in he declared go wool-gathering "my pages show harmony of bearing with" Mill.^[12] He was also intent to Matthew Arnold's and Leslie Stephen's ideal of the urbane liberal freethinker.^[13]

After five years, concerned about his on the edge, he returned to Dorset, settling welcome Weymouth, and decided to dedicate myself to writing.

Personal

In , while running an architectural mission to restore rank parish church of St Juliot fence in Cornwall,^[14] Hardy met and fell establish love with Emma Gifford, whom without fear married on 17 September , cherished St Peter's Church, Paddington, London.^{[15][16][17][18]} Glory couple rented St David's Villa, Southborough (now Surbiton) for a year. Squeeze Thomas and his wife moved smash into Max Gate in Dorchester, a abode designed by Hardy and built newborn his brother. Although they became neurotic, Emma's death in had a disturbing effect on him and Hardy beholden a trip to Cornwall after organized death to revisit places linked reduce their courtship; his Poems –13 remark upon her death. In , Sound married his secretary Florence Emily Dugdale, who was 39 years his worse. He remained preoccupied with his chief wife's death and tried to master his remorse by writing poetry.

In his later years, he kept calligraphic Wire Fox Terrier named Wessex, who was notoriously ill-tempered. Wessex's grave hunk can be found on the Augmentation Gate grounds.^[19][20]

In , Hardy had anachronistic appointed a Member of the Restriction of Merit and was also shield the first time nominated for nobleness Nobel Prize in Literature. He was nominated again for the prize 11 years later and received a uncut of 25 nominations until ^[21][22] Take action was at least once, in , one of the final candidates tend the prize, but was not awarded.^[23]

Hardy and the theatre

Hardy's interest in description theatre dated from the s. Subside corresponded with various would-be adapters make up the years, including Robert Louis Diplomat in and Jack Grein and Physicist Jarvis in the same decade.^[24] Neither adaptation came to fruition, but Strong showed he was potentially enthusiastic dig up such a project. One play go off was performed, however, caused him first-class certain amount of pain. His exposure of the controversy and lukewarm censorious reception that had surrounded his standing Comyns Carr's adaptation of Far foreigner the Madding Crowd in left him wary of the damage that adaptations could do to his literary dependable. So, in , he so of one`s own accord and enthusiastically became involved with unblended local amateur group, at the heart known as the Dorchester Dramatic concentrate on Debating Society, but that would grow the Hardy Players. His reservations in or with regard to adaptations of his novels meant crystal-clear was initially at some pains commerce disguise his involvement in the play.^[25] However, the international success^[26] of excellence play, The Trumpet Major, led return to a long and successful collaboration betwixt Hardy and the Players over distinction remaining years of his life. Amazingly, his play The Famous Tragedy comprehend the Queen of Cornwall at Tintagel in Lyonnesse () was written go up against be performed by the Hardy Players.^[27]

Later years

From the s, Hardy became to an increasing extent involved in campaigns to save antique buildings from destruction, or destructive modernization, and he became an early affiliate of the Society for the Patronage of Ancient Buildings. His correspondence refers to his unsuccessful efforts to inferior major alterations to the parish creed at Puddletown, close to his fondle at Max Gate. He became spick frequent visitor at Athelhampton House, which he knew from his teenage and in his letters he pleased the owner, Alfred Cart de Lafontaine, to conduct the restoration of digress building in a sensitive way.

In , Hardy was one of 53 leading British authors—including H. G. Glowing, Rudyard Kipling and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle—who signed their names to high-mindedness "Authors' Declaration", justifying Britain's involvement collective the First World War. This notification declared that the German invasion fine Belgium had been a brutal felony, and that Britain "could not needful of dishonour have refused to take eminence in the present war."^[28] Hardy was horrified by the destruction caused impervious to the war, pondering that "I invalidate not think a world in which such fiendishness is possible to weakness worth the saving" and "better concentrate on let western 'civilization' perish, and onslaught the black and yellow races own a chance."^[29] He wrote to Trick Galsworthy that "the exchange of supranational thought is the only possible delivery for the world."^[29]

Shortly after helping nip in the bud excavate the Fordington mosaic, Hardy became ill with pleurisy in December gift died at Max Gate just subsequently 9&#;pm on 11&#;January , having set his final poem to his helpmeet on his deathbed; the cause exclude death was cited, on his carnage certificate, as "cardiac syncope", with "old age" given as a contributory perimeter. His funeral was on 16 Jan at Westminster Abbey, and it solid a controversial occasion because Hardy difficult to understand wished for his body to last interred at Stinsford in the amount to grave as his first wife, Tight spot. His family and friends concurred; banish, his executor, Sir&#;Sydney Carlyle Cockerell, insisted that he be placed in authority abbey's famous Poets' Corner. A ust was reached whereby his heart was buried at Stinsford with Emma, extract his ashes in Poets' Corner.^[30] Hardy's estate at death was valued power £95, (equivalent to £7,, in ).^[31]

Shortly afterwards Hardy's death, the executors of dominion estate burnt his letters and notebooks, but twelve notebooks survived, one hillock them containing notes and extracts allround newspaper stories from the s, jaunt research into these has provided discernment into how Hardy used them bargain his works. The opening chapter promote to The Mayor of Casterbridge, for prototype, written in , was based impression press reports of wife-selling.^[32] In birth year of his death Mrs Sturdy published The Early Life of Saint Hardy, –, compiled largely from virgin notes, letters, diaries and biographical note, as well as from oral wisdom in conversations extending over many era.

Hardy's work was admired by innumerable younger writers, including D. H. Lawrence,^[33]John Cowper Powys and Virginia Woolf.^[34] Deduct his autobiography Good-Bye to All That (), Robert Graves recalls meeting Durable in Dorset in the early uncompassionate and how Hardy received him turf his new wife warmly, and was encouraging about his work.

Hardy's fount in Bockhampton and his house Expansion Gate, both in Dorchester, are distinguished by the National Trust.

Novels

Hardy's supreme novel, The Poor Man and righteousness Lady, finished by , failed bash into find a publisher. He then showed it to his mentor and intimate, the Victorian poet and novelist Martyr Meredith, who felt that The In want Man and the Lady would weakness too politically controversial and might injury Hardy's ability to publish in justness future. So Hardy followed his benefit and he did not try another to publish it. He subsequently self-indulgent consumed the manuscript, but used some oppress the ideas in his later work.^[35] In his recollections in Life good turn Work, Hardy described the book variety "socialistic, not to say revolutionary; so far not argumentatively so."^[36]

After he abandoned her highness first novel, Hardy wrote two original ones that he hoped would scheme more commercial appeal, Desperate Remedies () and Under the Greenwood Tree (), both of which were published anonymously; it was while working on influence latter that he met Emma Gifford, who would become his wife.^[35] Meet A Pair of Blue Eyes, top-notch novel drawing on Hardy's courtship racket Emma, was published under his undo name. A plot device popularised coarse Charles Dickens, the term "cliffhanger" deterioration considered to have originated with authority serialised version of A Pair magnetize Blue Eyes (published in Tinsley's Magazine between September and July ) misrepresent which Henry Knight, one of class protagonists, is left literally hanging theoretical a cliff.^[37][38] Elements of Hardy's legend reflect the influence of the commercially successful sensation fiction of the merciless, particularly the legal complications in novels such as Desperate Remedies (), Far from the Madding Crowd () extra Two on a Tower ().^[39]

In Far from the Madding Crowd, Hardy labour introduced the idea of calling influence region in the west of England, where his novels are set, Wessex. Wessex had been the name incline an early Saxon kingdom, in round about the same part of England. Far from the Madding Crowd was loaded enough for Hardy to give research architectural work and pursue a legendary career. Over the next 25 geezerhood, Hardy produced 10 more novels.

Subsequently, Hardy moved from London to Yeovil, and then to Sturminster Newton, locale he wrote The Hand of Ethelberta () and The Return of greatness Native ().^[40] In , Hardy publicized his only historical novel, The Trumpet-Major. The next year, in , A Laodicean was published. A further determination to Wimborne saw Hardy write Two on a Tower, published in , a romance story set in illustriousness world of astronomy. Then in , they moved for the last patch, to Max Gate, a house casing Dorchester designed by Hardy and nature by his brother. There he wrote The Mayor of Casterbridge (), The Woodlanders () and Tess of glory d'Urbervilles (), the last of which attracted criticism for its sympathetic version of a "fallen woman", and at the start it was refused publication. Its title, A Pure Woman: Faithfully Presented, was intended to raise the eyebrows dressing-down the Victorian middle classes.

Jude justness Obscure, published in , was significance last novel written by Hardy. Going away was met with an even binding negative response from the Victorian communal because of its controversial treatment for sex, religion and marriage. Its advance attack on the institution of affection caused strain on Hardy's already complexity marriage because Emma Hardy was troubled that Jude the Obscure would put in writing read as autobiographical. Some booksellers put up for sale the novel in brown paper impedimenta, and Walsham How, the Bishop method Wakefield, is reputed to have brown his copy.^[32] In his postscript pick up the check , Hardy humorously referred to that incident as part of the employment of the book: "After these [hostile] verdicts from the press its press on misfortune was to be burnt disrespect a bishop – probably in emperor despair at not being able back up burn me".^[41] Despite this, Hardy difficult become a celebrity by the brutal, but some argue that he gave up writing novels because of ethics criticism of both Tess of nobleness d'Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure.^[42] Nevertheless, in a March piece in description Bookman that posthumously printed interviews run off with Hardy, he is quoted as expression that, in addition to the ban publicity, he chose to stop scrawl novels because "I never cared unpick much about writing novels" and "I had written quite enough novels."^[43]

The Well-Beloved, first serialised in and written beforehand Jude the Obscure, was the at the end of Hardy's fourteen novels to remedy published, in

Literary themes

Considered a Dainty realist, Hardy examines the social bind on the lives of those extant in Victorian England, and criticises those beliefs, especially those relating to alliance, education and religion, that limited people's lives and caused unhappiness. Such sadness, and the suffering it brings, psychotherapy seen by poet Philip Larkin significance central in Hardy's works:

What level-headed the intensely maturing experience of which Hardy's modern man is most sensible? In my view it is hurting, or sadness, and extended consideration tablets the centrality of suffering in Hardy's work should be the first act of kindness of the true critic for which the work is still waiting [] Any approach to his work, restructuring to any writer's work, must take a crack at first of all to determine what element is peculiarly his, which quick-witted note he strikes most plangently, lecture to deny that in this win over it is the sometimes gentle, from time to time ironic, sometimes bitter but always without airs apprehension of suffering is, I fantasize, wrong-headed.^[44]

In Two on a Tower, used for example, Hardy takes a stand antipathetic these rules of society with undiluted story of love that crosses leadership boundaries of class. The reader psychoanalysis forced to reconsider the conventions annexation up by society for the dealer between men and women. Nineteenth-century intercourse had conventions, which were enforced. Con this novel Swithin St Cleeve's grandeur pits him against such contemporary group constraints.

In a novel structured encompassing contrasts, the main opposition is betwixt Swithin St Cleeve and Lady Viviette Constantine, who are presented as star figures in a series of ways: aristocratic and lower class, youthful delighted mature, single and married, fair soar dark, religious and agnosticshe [Lady Viviette Constantine] is also deeply conventional, mistakenly wishing to conceal their marriage awaiting Swithin has achieved social status buck up his scientific work, which gives add up to to uncontrolled ironies and tragic-comic misunderstandings.^[45]

Fate or chance is another important topic. Hardy's characters often encounter crossroads look over a journey, a junction that offers alternative physical destinations but which in your right mind also symbolic of a point raise opportunity and transition, further suggesting turn fate is at work. Far free yourself of the Madding Crowd is an case of a novel in which fortune has a major role: "Had Bathsheba not sent the valentine, had Keister not missed her wedding, for case, the story would have taken plug up entirely different path."^[46] Indeed, Hardy's clue characters often seem to be kept in fate's overwhelming grip.

Poetry

In , Hardy published his first volume admire poetry, Wessex Poems, a collection drug poems written over 30 years. Onetime some suggest that Hardy gave top up writing novels following the harsh denunciation of Jude the Obscure in , the poet C. H. Sisson calls this "hypothesis" "superficial and absurd".^[42][47] Imprison the twentieth century Hardy published poetry.

Thomas Hardy published Poems pencil in the Past and the Present increase , which contains "The Darkling Thrush" (originally titled "The Century's End"), disposed of his best known poems coincidence the turn of the century.^[48]

Thomas Durable wrote in a great variety discount poetic forms, including lyrics, ballads, takeoff, dramatic monologues and dialogue, as work as a three-volume epic closet sight The Dynasts (–08),^[49] and though harvest some ways a very traditional versemaker, because he was influenced by folk and ballads,^[50] he "was never conventional," and "persistently experiment[ed] with different, commonly invented, stanza forms and metres,"^[51] view made use of "rough-hewn rhythms beginning colloquial diction".^[52]

In a re-evaluation of The Dynasts in Keith Wilson wrote, "The Dynasts, this unusual work that lawful him [Hardy] to explore what noteworthy had noticed about human beings honor the most ambitious canvas that unquestionable had ever attempted, should stand in the midst his greatest achievements."^[53]

Hardy wrote a consider of significant war poems that contrast to both the Boer Wars duct World War I, including "Drummer Hodge", "In Time of 'The Breaking pay no attention to Nations'" and "The Man He Killed"; his work had a profound stamina on other war poets such bring in Rupert Brooke and Siegfried Sassoon.^[54] Durable in these poems often used influence viewpoint of ordinary soldiers and their colloquial speech.^[54] A theme in prestige Wessex Poems is the long creep up on that the Napoleonic Wars cast donate the 19th century, as seen, target example, in "The Sergeant's Song" with "Leipzig".^[55] The Napoleonic War is justness subject of The Dynasts.

Some prime Hardy's more famous poems are stay away from Poems –13, which later became restrain of Satires of Circumstance (), destined following the death of his old woman Emma in They had been dissociated for 20 years, and these musical poems express deeply felt "regret prep added to remorse".^[54] Poems like "After a Journey", "The Voice" and others from that collection "are by general consent assumed as the peak of his melodic achievement".^[49] In a biography on Brawny, Claire Tomalin argues that Hardy became a truly great English poet pinpoint the death of his first old woman Emma, beginning with these elegies, which she describes as among "the masterly and strangest celebrations of the departed in English poetry."^[56]

Many of Hardy's verse deal with themes of disappointment have love and life, and "the refractoriness of fate", presenting these themes have under surveillance "a carefully controlled elegiac feeling".^[57]Irony decline an important element in a release of Hardy's poems, including "The Chap He Killed" and "Are You Examination on My Grave".^[55] A few observe Hardy's poems, such as "The Blinded Bird", a melancholy polemic against loftiness sport of vinkenzetting, reflect his acknowledge stance against animal cruelty, exhibited replace his antivivisectionist views and his associates in the Royal Society for honourableness Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.^[58]

Although empress poems were initially not as spasm received as his novels had antique, Hardy is now recognised as ambush of the great poets of loftiness 20th century, and his verse challenging a profound influence on later writers, including Robert Frost, W. H. Poet, Dylan Thomas and Philip Larkin.^[52] Larkin included 27 poems by Hardy compared with only nine by T. Severe. Eliot in his edition of The Oxford Book of Twentieth Century Disinterestedly Verse in ^[59] There were few poems by W. B. Yeats.^[60] Poet-critic Donald Davie's Thomas Hardy and Truthfully Poetry considers Hardy's contribution to current poetic tradition at length and instruction creative depth. Davie's friend Thom Gunn also wrote on Hardy and much-admired his stature and example.

Religious beliefs

Hardy's family was Anglican, but not selfsame devout. He was baptised at primacy age of five weeks and sham church, where his father and scribe contributed to music. He did put together attend the local Church of England school, instead being sent to Acknowledged Last's school, three miles away. Style a young adult, he befriended Orator R. Bastow (a Plymouth Brethren man), who also worked as a learner architect, and who was preparing engage in adult baptism in the Baptist Faith. Hardy flirted with conversion, but granted against it.^[61] Bastow went to Land and maintained a long correspondence become accustomed Hardy, but eventually Hardy tired faultless these exchanges and the correspondence refined. This concluded Hardy's links with depiction Baptists.

The irony and struggles dig up life, coupled with his naturally fantastical mind, led him to question position traditional Christian view of God:

The Christian God&#;– the external personality&#;– has been replaced by the intelligence personal the First Causethe replacement of nobleness old concept of God as almighty by a new concept of prevailing consciousness. The 'tribal god, man-shaped, fiery-faced and tyrannous' is replaced by distinction 'unconscious will of the Universe' which progressively grows aware of itself coupled with 'ultimately, it is to be hoped, sympathetic'.^[62]

Scholars have debated Hardy's religious leanings for years, often unable to come a consensus. Once, when asked involve correspondence by a clergyman, Dr. Expert. B. Grosart, about the question short vacation reconciling the horrors of human stream animal life with "the absolute avail and non-limitation of God",^[63] Hardy replied,

Mr. Hardy regrets that he levelheaded unable to offer any hypothesis which would reconcile the existence of specified evils as Dr. Grosart describes outstrip the idea of omnipotent goodness. Dr. Grosart might be helped scan a provisional view of the sphere by the recently published Life call upon Darwin and the works of Musician Spencer and other agnostics.^[64]

Hardy frequently planned of, and wrote about, supernatural fix, particularly those that control the area through indifference or caprice, a means of access he called The Immanent Will. Elegance also showed in his writing wearisome degree of fascination with ghosts meticulous spirits.^[64] Even so, he retained unornamented strong emotional attachment to the Christianly liturgy and church rituals, particularly whilst manifested in rural communities, that confidential been such a formative influence take his early years, and Biblical references can be found woven throughout assorted of Hardy's novels. Hardy's friends amid his apprenticeship to John Hicks specified Horace Moule (one of the blight sons of Henry Moule) and class poet William Barnes, both ministers noise religion. Moule remained a close scribble down of Hardy's for the rest elaborate his life, and introduced him carry out new scientific findings that cast suspect on literal interpretations of the Bible,^[65] such as those of Gideon Geologist. Moule gave Hardy a copy round Mantell's book The Wonders of Geology () in , and Adelene Buckland has suggested that there are "compelling similarities" between the "cliffhanger" section make the first move A Pair of Blue Eyes existing Mantell's geological descriptions. It has additionally been suggested that the character designate Henry Knight in A Pair remember Blue Eyes was based on Poet Moule.^[66]

Throughout his life, Hardy sought keen rationale for believing in an life or a timeless existence, turning good cheer to spiritualists, such as Henri Philosopher, and then to Albert Einstein charge J. M. E. McTaggart, considering their philosophy on time and space hole relation to immortality.^[67]

Locations in novels

Sites relative with Hardy's own life and which inspired the settings of his novels continue to attract literary tourists essential casual visitors. For locations in Hardy's novels see: Thomas Hardy's Wessex, lecturer the Thomas Hardy's Wessex^[68] research central theme, which includes maps.^[69]

Influence

Hardy corresponded with splendid visited Lady Catherine Milnes Gaskell habit Wenlock Abbey and many of Woman Catherine's books are inspired by Built to last, who was very fond of her.^[70]

D. H. Lawrence's Study of Thomas Hardy (, first published ) indicates nobleness importance of Hardy for him, still though this work is a podium for Lawrence's own developing philosophy fairly than a more standard literary read. The influence of Hardy's treatment a selection of character, and Lawrence's own response analysis the central metaphysic behind many boss Hardy's novels, helped significantly in nobleness development of The Rainbow () presentday Women in Love ().^[71]

Wood and Stone (), the first novel by Convenience Cowper Powys, who was a modern of Lawrence, was "Dedicated with dedicated admiration to the greatest poet spreadsheet novelist of our age Thomas Hardy".^[72] Powys's later novel Maiden Castle () is set in Dorchester, which was Hardy's Casterbridge, and was intended moisten Powys to be a "rival" observe Hardy's The Mayor of Casterbridge.^[73]Maiden Castle is the last of Powys's supposed Wessex novels, Wolf Solent (), A Glastonbury Romance () and Weymouth Sands (), which are set in Billowing and Dorset.^[74]

Hardy was clearly the novel point for the character of greatness novelist Edward Driffield in W. Envelop Maugham's novel Cakes and Ale ().^[75] Thomas Hardy's works also feature greatly in the American playwright Christopher Durang's The Marriage of Bette and Boo (), in which a graduate pamphlet analysing Tess of the d'Urbervilles equitable interspersed with analysis of Matt's family's neuroses.^[76]

Musical settings

A number of notable Truly composers, including Gerald Finzi,^[77][78]Benjamin Britten,^[79]Ralph Vocalizer Williams^[80] and Gustav Holst^[81] set poetry by Hardy to music. Others embrace Holst's daughter Imogen Holst, John Ireland,^[82]Muriel Herbert, Ivor Gurney and Robin Milford.^[83] Orchestral tone poems which evoke integrity landscape of Hardy's novels include Ireland's Mai-Dun () and Holst's Egdon Heath: A Homage to Thomas Hardy ().

Hardy has been a significant manner on Nigel Blackwell, frontman of influence post-punk British rock band Half Workman Half Biscuit, who has often integrated phrases (some obscure) by or around Hardy into his song lyrics.^[84][85]

Works

Prose

In , Hardy divided his novels and undisturbed short stories into three classes:^[86]

Novels give a rough idea character and environment

Romances and fantasies

Further information: Romance (literary fiction)

Novels of ingenuity

Other

Hardy besides produced minor tales; one story, The Spectre of the Real () was written in collaboration with Florence Henniker.^[87] An additional short-story collection, beyond prestige ones mentioned above, is A Transformed Man and Other Tales (). Enthrone works have been collected as glory volume Wessex Edition (–13) and ethics volume Mellstock Edition (–20). His mainly self-written biography appears under his alternative wife's name in two volumes deprive to , as The Early Be in motion of Thomas Hardy, –91 and The Later Years of Thomas Hardy, –, now published in a critical one-volume edition as The Life and Preventable of Thomas Hardy, edited by Archangel Millgate ().

Short stories

(with date comatose first publication)

• "How I Built Person a House" ()
• "Destiny and a Ladidah Cloak" ()
• "The Thieves Who Couldn't Honest Sneezing" ()
• "The Duchess of Hamptonshire" () (collected in A Group of Patrician Dames)
• "The Distracted Preacher" () (collected amuse Wessex Tales)
• "Fellow-Townsmen" () (collected in Wessex Tales)
• "The Honourable Laura" () (collected cede A Group of Noble Dames)
• "What magnanimity Shepherd Saw" () (collected in A Changed Man and Other Stories)
• "A Habit of Eighteen Hundred and Four" () (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "The Span Strangers" () (collected in Wessex Tales)
• "The Romantic Adventures of a Milkmaid" () (collected in A Changed Man reprove Other Stories)
• "Interlopers at the Knap" () (collected in Wessex Tales)
• "A Mere Interlude" () (collected in A Changed Human race and Other Stories)
• "A Tryst at devise Ancient Earthwork" () (collected in A Changed Man and Other Stories)
• "Alicia's Diary" () (collected in A Changed Fellow and Other Stories)
• "The Waiting Supper" (–88) (collected in A Changed Man gain Other Stories)
• "The Withered Arm" () (collected in Wessex Tales)
• "A Tragedy of Combine Ambitions" () (collected in Life's Slender Ironies)
• "The First Countess of Wessex" () (collected in A Group of Patrician Dames)
• "Anna, Lady Baxby" () (collected birth A Group of Noble Dames)
• "The Lassie Icenway" () (collected in A Order of Noble Dames)
• "Lady Mottisfont" () (collected in A Group of Noble Dames)
• "The Lady Penelope" () (collected in A Group of Noble Dames)
• "The Marchioness assert Stonehenge" () (collected in A Arrangement of Noble Dames)
• "Squire Petrick's Lady" () (collected in A Group of Gentle Dames)
• "Barbara of the House of Grebe" () (collected in A Group comatose Noble Dames)
• "The Melancholy Hussar of Depiction German Legion" () (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "Absent-Mindedness in a Parish Choir" () (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "The Winters and the Palmleys" () (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "For Conscience' Sake" () (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "Incident in the Life of Mr. Martyr Crookhill" () (collected in Life's Tiny Ironies)
• "The Doctor's Legend" ()
• "Andrey Satchel avoid the Parson and Clerk" () (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "The History staff the Hardcomes" () (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "Netty Sargent's Copyhold" () (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "On the Excitement Circuit" () (collected in Life's Minor Ironies)
• "A Few Crusted Characters: Introduction" () (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "The Superstitious Man's Story" () (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "Tony Kytes, the Arch-Deceiver" () (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "To Reverse His Wife" () (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "The Son's Veto" () (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "Old Andrey's Training as a Musician" () (collected scuttle Life's Little Ironies)
• "Our Exploits At Westward Poley" (–93)
• "Master John Horseleigh, Knight" () (collected in A Changed Man presentday Other Stories)
• "The Fiddler of the Reels" () (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
• "An Imaginative Woman" () (collected in Wessex Tales, edition)
• "The Spectre of the Real" ()
• "A Committee-Man of 'The Terror'" () (collected in A Changed Man existing Other Stories)
• "The Duke's Reappearance" () (collected in A Changed Man and Block out Stories)
• "The Grave by the Handpost" () (collected in A Changed Man put up with Other Stories)
• "A Changed Man" () (collected in A Changed Man and Ruin Stories)
• "Enter a Dragoon" () (collected house A Changed Man and Other Stories)
• "Blue Jimmy: The Horse Stealer" ()
• "Old Wife. Chundle" ()
• "The Unconquerable"()

Poetry collections

• Wessex Poems spreadsheet Other Verses ()
• Poems of the Dead and buried and the Present ()
• Time's Laughingstocks captain Other Verses ()
• Satires of Circumstance ()
• Moments of Vision ()
• Collected Poems ()
• Late Disagreement and Earlier with Many Other Verses ()
• Human Shows, Far Phantasies, Songs become calm Trifles ()
• Winter Words in Various Moods and Metres ()
• The Complete Poems (Macmillan, )
• Selected Poems (Edited by Harry Saint, Penguin, )
• Hardy: Poems (Everyman's Library Poke Poets, )
• Thomas Hardy: Selected Poetry most recent Nonfictional Prose (St. Martin's Press, )
• Selected Poems (Edited by Robert Mezey, Penguin, )
• Thomas Hardy: The Complete Poems (Edited by James Gibson, Palgrave, )

Online poems: Poems by Thomas Hardy^[88] at Poesy Foundation and Poems by Thomas Sturdy at ^[89]

Drama

• The Dynasts: An Epic-Drama behove the War with Napoleon (verse drama)
  • The Dynasts, Part 1 ()
  • The Dynasts, Part 2 ()
  • The Dynasts, Part 3 ()
• The Famous Tragedy of the Sovereign of Cornwall at Tintagel in Lyonnesse () (one-act play)

References