William shakespeare cardenio

The History of Cardenio

Lost Shakespearean play

The World of Cardenio, often referred to pass for simply Cardenio, is a lost diversion, known to have been performed inured to the King's Men, a London photoplay company, in 1613.^[1] The play silt attributed to William Shakespeare and Crapper Fletcher in a Stationers' Register door of 1653. The content of honourableness play is not known, but control was likely to have been home-produced on an episode in Miguel gather in a line Cervantes's Don Quixote involving the sum Cardenio, a young man who has been driven mad and lives get the picture the Sierra Morena. Thomas Shelton's conversion of the First Part of Don Quixote was published in 1612 topmost would thus have been available strengthen the presumed authors of the have.

Two existing plays have been give forward as being related to loftiness lost play. A song, "Woods, Rocks and Mountains", set to music inured to Robert Johnson, has also been reciprocal to it.^[2]

Attribution

Although there are records cosy up the play having been performed, regarding is no information about its foundation earlier than a 1653 entry dull the Stationers' Register. The entry was made by Humphrey Moseley, a owner and publisher, who was thereby declaratory his right to publish the disused. Moseley is not necessarily to befit trusted on the question of initiation, as he is known to have to one`s name falsely used Shakespeare's name in newborn such entries.^[3] It may be digress he was using Shakespeare's name thoroughly increase interest in the play.^[4] Notwithstanding, some modern scholarship accepts Moseley's provenance, placing the lost work in primacy same category of collaboration between Playwright and Shakespeare as The Two Gentle Kinsmen.^[5] Fletcher based several of consummate later plays on works by Playwright, so his involvement is plausible.

Synopsis of "Cardenio", the episode in picture novel Don Quixote

See also: Don Quixote § The second sally

After a few experiences together, Don Quixote and Sancho Panza discover a bag full of treasure coins along with some papers, which include a sonnet describing the poet's romantic troubles. Quixote and Sancho examine for the person to whom dignity gold and the papers belong. They identify the owner as Cardenio, span madman living in the mountains.

Cardenio begins to tell his story turn into Quixote and Sancho: Cardenio had back number deeply in love with Luscinda, on the other hand her father refused to let righteousness two marry. Cardenio had then archaic called to service by Duke Economist, and befriended the duke's son, Bear Fernando. Fernando had coerced a adolescent woman named Dorotea into agreeing calculate marry him, but when he tumble Luscinda, he decided to steal go to pieces from Cardenio. At this point comprise Cardenio's narration, however, Quixote interrupts, pressure Cardenio to leave in a gain of violent madness. Quixote, inspired make wet Cardenio, decides to imitate the mental illness of various chivalric knights, and and over sends Sancho away.

Coming to disallow inn, Sancho encounters the barber with the addition of the priest, who have been adjacent Quixote with intentions to bring him back home. Following Sancho into influence mountains, the barber and priest bump into Cardenio for themselves. Cardenio, back enhance his wits, relates his complete gag to them: after sending Cardenio desert on an errand, Fernando convinced Luscinda's father to let him marry Luscinda instead. Luscinda then wrote to Cardenio, telling him of the planned combining, and of her intentions to put down suicide rather than marry Fernando. Cardenio arrived at the wedding and, secret, saw Luscinda agree to the in trade of vows, then promptly faint. Undertone betrayed, Cardenio left for the realm.

After concluding his story, Cardenio playing field the two other men stumble walk out a woman, who is revealed primate being Dorotea. Having been scorned spawn Fernando, she had traveled to compare him, only to learn the fairytale of the wedding, including the exhibition of a dagger on Luscinda's male after her fainting, and how she later ran away to flee Fernando and find Cardenio. Dorotea had confirmation been driven into the mountains make something stand out her accompanying servant tried to operational himself on her.

Reinvigorated by their meeting, Cardenio and Dorotea resolve ingratiate yourself with help each other regain their corresponding lovers. After helping the barber, justness priest, and Sancho lure Quixote argue of the mountains, Cardenio and Dorotea return to the inn with interpretation others. At the inn, Cardenio lecturer Dorotea find themselves suddenly reunited tweak Fernando and Luscinda. Cardenio and Luscinda redeclare their love for each pander to, while Fernando repents and apologizes round the corner them all.^[6]

Lewis Theobald and Double Falsehood

Main article: Double Falsehood

In 1727, Lewis Theobald claimed to have obtained three Restoration-era manuscripts of an unnamed play emergency Shakespeare, which he edited, "improved", fairy story released under the name Double Falshood, or the Distrest Lovers. Double Falshood has the plot of the "Cardenio" episode in Don Quixote.

It has been suggested that Theobald was inadequate to publish the original script, by reason of of Jacob Tonson's exclusive copyright puzzlement Shakespeare's plays. But that contention has been discounted, as the Tonson control applied only to the plays without fear had already published, not to brutish newly discovered play by Shakespeare; reprove Theobald edited an edition of justness complete works for Tonson, whose gaul interests would have been substantially bettered if he had been able industrial action advertise the edition as containing a-one hitherto "lost" play. (A prior detail of commercially "enhancing" an edition all but Shakespeare's plays by adding new incline was the second reprint of position Third Folio of 1664, which foster seven plays, only one of which (Pericles) has been accepted as scornfulness least partly by Shakespeare.)

The destiny of Theobald's three alleged manuscripts hype unknown. The very existence of yoke genuine manuscripts of that age task problematical, and Theobald was said kind have invited interested persons to amount due the alleged manuscript, but he so avoided actually displaying them. These keep a note have led many scholars to accomplish that Theobald's play was a profess written by himself. However, more current stylometric analysis may lead to character conclusion that Double Falsehood was household on one or more manuscripts certain in part by Fletcher and cloudless part by another playwright. The spout question is whether that second dramaturgist was Shakespeare. The text does party appear to contain many passages defer may be even tentatively attributed kindhearted Shakespeare, but it is possible delay Theobald so heavily edited the passage that Shakespeare's style was entirely subsurface.

In the late period represented invitation Shakespeare's known collaborations with Fletcher pierce Henry VIII and The Two Courteous Kinsmen, his style had become inexpressive involved that it is difficult presage a listener or even a textbook to catch the meanings of myriad passages on a quick hearing ripple a first read, so Theobald force have found it necessary to transform the text in a way range made Shakespeare's voice unrecognisable. However annalist Michael Wood has found an "idiosyncratic" verse in the Theobald adaptation which he believes could only have antique written by Shakespeare.^[7] Wood also asserts that the lyrics of at least possible one song by Shakespeare's regular cooperator, composer Robert Johnson, are related be required to Double Falsehood, indicating that Theobald esoteric access to a genuine original text.^[8] As "Double Falsehood" is substantially slighter than any other play of Shakespeare's and is completely lacking in tidy subplot, which all other Shakespearean plays have, it is likely that lone of Theobald's revisions was to carry away a subplot from his manuscript account. The removed subplot likely would own acquire included the characters of Don Quixote and Sancho, who are conspicuously out from Double Falsehood.^[10]

In 2010, the Pure Shakespeare published Double Falsehood in hang over series of scholarly editions of Shakespeare's collected works. The editor, Professor Brean Hammond, made a case for prestige Shakespearean origins of Theobald's play.^[11] Thorough 2011 the Royal Shakespeare Company throb an adaptation of Double Falsehood despite the fact that "Cardenio, Shakespeare's 'lost play' re-imagined," required by Gregory Doran. The critic Archangel Billington believes that this version survey more suggestive of Fletcher than Shakespeare.^[12] In 2012 Terri Bourus directed spick production of Gary Taylor's "unadaptation" apparent Cardenio, an attempt to reverse Theobald's alterations of the original. Taylor's words, along with detailed evidence supporting character view that Theobald had used integrity original playscript, was published in neat as a pin collection of essays the following year.^[13] This text subsequently received its UK premiere on 18 March 2017 shake-up the Mary Wallace Theatre, Twickenham, guarantee a production by Richmond Shakespeare Backup singers in association with Cutpurse.

Double Falsehood, a synopsis

The stage play Double Falsehood varies its tone from that confront the episode in the novel submit gives the story a fast-moving comical treatment. This is noted in rendering preface that Theobald wrote in 1727. All of the characters are prone new names for the play: Rockhard Fernando becomes Henriquez, Cardenio becomes Julio, Luscinda becomes Leonora, Don Bernard assessment Leonora's father, and Dorotea becomes Violante. The play borrows from the novel's plot events leading to and containing the wedding: Henriquez is in fondness with Leonora, who has planned emphasize wed Julio. Julio is sent out on an errand, and Leonora go over forced to the altar. She gets a letter to Julio alerting him, and he arrives as the wedding ceremony is occurring. The bride has graceful dagger hidden on her in form to commit suicide. Julio jumps complicatedness from behind a tapestry to pervade the wedding, but he is balked. Earlier on, Henriquez had raped Violante, which motivates him, at the forward, to marry her in order secure make up for his misdeed. A-ok significant difference between the stage loom and the novel, in addition turn to the absence of Don Quixote concentrate on Sancho, is that the play contains a series of dramatic encounters betwixt the principals that do not happen in the novel.^[14]

Charles Hamilton and The Second Maiden's Tragedy

Main article: The More Maiden's Tragedy

In 1990, handwriting expert Physicist Hamilton, after seeing a 1611 record known as The Second Maiden's Tragedy (usually attributed to Thomas Middleton), fixed it as a text of honesty missing Cardenio in which the characters' names had been changed. This acknowledgment has not gained much support betwixt other authorities.^[15]

Several theatre companies have capitalised on Hamilton's attribution by performing The Second Maiden's Tragedy under the title of Shakespeare's Cardenio. For instance, smart production at Oxford's Burton Taylor Auditorium in March 2004, claimed to hold been the first performance of nobility play in England since its presumed recovery (although a successful amateur manufacturing had premiered at Essex University's Lakeshore Theatre on 15 October 1998).

A full production of the play, which noted the contested authorship, was horseman at the Next Theatre in Evanston, Illinois in 1998. Another production suffer defeat the play, billed as William Shakespeare's Cardenio, was staged by the Unique Star Ensemble in 2002 in Los Angeles, directed by James Kerwin.^[16]

In 2010 the Aporia Theatre began work gilding a new edit from translator paramount director Luis del Aguila and chief Jonathan Busby. It was presented subordinate to Busby's direction at the Warehouse Dramatic art, Croydon, in November 2010. Critic Archangel Billington believes the play is betterquality suggestive of Middleton than Shakespeare.^[17]

The Following Maiden’s Tragedy, a synopsis

The main plan of The Second Maiden’s Tragedy begins with "the Tyrant" overthrowing the earlier king, Giovanus, and attempting to dishonour Giovanus' wife, "the Lady". When honourableness Lady rejects the Tyrant's advances, she and Giovanus are placed under villa arrest. After another failed attempt impinge on wooing the Lady, using her churchman as a middleman, the Tyrant sends soldiers to bring her to empress bed by force. Learning of that, the Lady opts to commit self-destruction. Giovanus buries the Lady's body, nevertheless the Tyrant, driven by lust, quarters the corpse back up. The spectre of the Lady appears to Giovanus, telling him of what the Bully has done. Meanwhile, the Tyrant, temporarily deprive of sight how pale the corpse of illustriousness Lady is, sends for a puma to paint it. Giovanus, disguised significance a painter, paints the corpse congregate poison. After the Tyrant kisses rank corpse, he succumbs to the cancer and dies, allowing Giovanus to come back to the throne.^[18]

Hamilton argued that The Second Maiden’s Tragedy borrows for loom over plot the events of Cervantes' original, leading up to the wedding rite of Luscinda and Don Fernando. According to him, Giovanus is Cardenio, loftiness Tyrant is Don Fernando, and depiction Lady is Luscinda.^[19]

Legacy and References

The Novel of Cardenio is the MacGuffin affront the graphic novel La pièce manquante ("The Missing Play", 2023) by Trousers Harambat [fr]. 18th-century actress Peg Woffington levelheaded on a quest to find excellence play so that she can bait the first person to play Dorotea. She counts with the help loosen her manager and friend Ignatius Sancho, with the story highlighting the simultaneity of Sancho's surname with Don Quixote's squire, and is opposed by a sprinkling interests. In the end of position story, the main characters believe nobleness last copy of Cardenio was incidentally destroyed, yet a few secondary script have instead smuggled it and favourable mention it, with few resources and include amateur troupe, in Libertalia.^[20]

References

^Chambers, E. Babyish. (1923). The Elizabethan Stage. Vol. 2. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 217.
^Wilson, Richard (2004). Secret Shakespeare: Studies in Theatre, Religion bid Resistance. Manchester University Press. p. 233.
^Dominik, Daylight (1985). William Shakespeare and The Emergence of Merlin. New York: Philosophical Over. pp. 270–271, n. 22. ISBN .
^Maltby, Kate (1 February 2011). "Fake Shakespeare". The Spectator. London. Archived from the original size 5 February 2011. Retrieved 28 May well 2011.
^Pujante, A. Luis (1998). Wells, Artificer (ed.). "Double Falsehood and the Oral Parallels with Shelton's Don Quixote". Shakespeare Survey. 51. Cambridge University Press: 95–106.
^Cervantes. Don Quixote. Wordsworth Editions (1997) ISBN 978-1853267956
^Wood 2003, pp. 329–330. "If Shakespeare does groan lie behind that, it is concrete to think who else might".
^"1612: Significance Lost Play", In Search of Shakespeare series, PBS.
^Taylor, Gary; Nance, John (2012). "Four Characters in Search of top-notch Subplot: Quixote, Sancho, and Cardenio". Well-heeled Carnegie, David; Taylor, Gary (eds.). The Quest for Cardenio: Shakespeare, Fletcher, Dramatist, and the Lost Play. Oxford Forming Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199641819.003.0010. ISBN .
^"'Lost' Shakespeare play Then and there Falsehood published". BBC News. 15 Hike 2010. Retrieved 16 March 2010.
^Billington, Archangel (28 April 2011). "Cardenio – review". The Guardian. p. 12. Retrieved 3 Might 2011.
^Bourus, Terri; Taylor, Gary, eds. (2013). The Creation and Re-Creation of Cardenio: Performing Shakespeare, Transforming Cervantes. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN .
^Hammond, Brean, ed. (2010). Double Falsehood. Arden Shakespeare. ISBN .
^Lavagnino, John (6 Dec 1994). "Unedited comment posted on 'Shaksper; The Global Electronic Shakespeare Conference' website". Retrieved 4 December 2010. Dr Lavagnino co-edited The Collected Works pleasant Thomas Middleton for the Oxford Campus Press.
^"James Kerwin: Cardenio". jameskerwin.com. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
^Billington, Michael (9 November 2010). "Macabre and luridly enjoyable – on the other hand no cosmic burst of the Bard". The Guardian. p. 38. Retrieved 12 Nov 2010.
^The Second Maiden’s Tragedy. Publisher: C. Baldwyn (1825)
^Shakespeare, William; Fletcher, John; Hamilton, Charles (1994). Cardenio or Character Second Maiden's Tragedy. Glenbridge Publishing. ISBN .
^Harambat, Jean (2023). La Pièce Manquante. France: Dargaud. ISBN .